Nèi jiā (內 家, lit. "internal family") is a term in Chinese martial arts Chinese martial arts, sometimes referred to by the Mandarin Chinese term wushu and popularly as kung fu (Chinese: 功夫 pinyin: gōngfu), are a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in what is today the country of China.These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families&, grouping those styles Hundreds of different styles of Chinese martial arts have developed over the past two thousand years, many distinctive styles with their own sets of techniques and ideas. There are themes common which allows them to be group according to generalized "families" , "sects" (派, pai), "class" (門, men), or "schools& that practice nèi jìng (內 勁, lit. "internal strength"), usually translated as internal martial arts, occupied with spiritual, mental or qi In traditional Chinese culture, qi is an active principle forming part of any living thing-related aspects, as opposed to an "external" (外 wài) approach focused on physiological aspects. The distinction dates to the 17th century, but its modern application is due to publications by Sun Lutang Sun Lu-t'ang (1860-1933) was a renowned master of Chinese Neijia (internal) martial arts and was the progenitor of the syncretic art of Sun style Tai Chi Chuan (孫家). He was also considered an accomplished Neo-Confucian and Taoist scholar (especially in the I Ching), and was a distinguished contributor to the theory of internal martial arts, dating to the period of 1915 to 1928. Nèi jìng is developed by using "nèigōng" (內 功), or "internal exercises," as opposed to "wài gōng" (外 功), "external exercises."
Nèijiā is a broad term used mistakenly in the West as a synonym for the more specific Wǔdāngquán styles, named for their association with the Taoist monasteries of Wudangshan range On Chinese maps, the name "Wudangshan" is applied both to the entire mountain range (which runs east-west along the southern edge of the Hanshui River valley, crossing several county-level divisions of Shiyan Prefecture-level city), and to the small group of peaks located within Wudangshan Jiedao of the Danjiangkou County-level City of, Hubei Province Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. Its abbreviation is 鄂 (pinyin: È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin Dynasty. The name Hubei means "north of the lake", referring to Hubei's in Chinese popular legend. These styles are enumerated by Sun Lutang as Tàijíquán, Xíngyìquán Xingyiquan is one of the major "internal" (nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. The word translates approximately to "Form/Intention Boxing", or "Shape/Will Boxing", and is characterized by aggressive, seemingly linear movements and explosive power. There is no single organizational body governing the teaching of the art, and Bāguàzhǎng Bāguàzhǎng is one of the major Chinese martial arts of the Wudang school. It is also one of the three main internal styles, or nèijiā. Bāguà zhǎng literally means "eight trigram palm," referring to the trigrams of the Yijing , one of the canons of Taoism. It is sometimes also called bagua quan (eight trigram fist) but this is, but must also include Bājíquán Bājíquán is a Chinese martial art that features explosive, short-range power and is famous for its elbow strikes[citation needed]. It originated in Hebei Province in Northern China[citation needed], but is also well-known in other places today, especially Taiwan. Its full name is kai men baji quan (開門八極拳), which means "open gate and the legendary Wudang Sword. Some other Chinese arts, not in the Wudangquan group, such as Liuhebafa Liuhebafa 六合八法拳; Pinyin: liùhébāfǎquán) is a form of internal Chinese martial arts. It is also called "Xinyi Liuhebafa" 心意六合八法拳 and is often referred to as "Water Boxing" (shuǐquán 水拳) due to its principles. The legendary Taoist sage Chen Tuan (Chén Tuán 陳摶, also known as Chén Xīyí 陳, Bak Mei Bak Mei is said to have been one of the legendary Five Elders — survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple by the Qing Dynasty imperial regime (1644–1912) — who, according to some accounts, betrayed Shaolin to the imperial government. He shares his name with the Southern Chinese martial art attributed to him Pai, Bok Foo Pai and Yiquan Yi quan, also known as dacheng quan, is a martial art system which was founded by the Chinese xingyiquan master, Wang Xiangzhai are frequently classified (or classify themselves) as "internal".
Contents |
History
Qing China
The term "nèijiā" and the distinction between internal and external martial arts first appears in Huang Zongxi Huang Zongxi , courtesy name Taichong (太冲), was the name of a Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier during the latter part of the Ming dynasty into the early part the Qing's 1669 Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan.[1] Stanley Henning proposes that the Epitaph's identification of the internal martial arts with the Taoism Taoism refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia for more than two millennia, and have had a notable influence on the western world particularly since the 19th century. The word 道, Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme), roughly translates as, "path" or "way& indigenous to China and of the external martial arts with the foreign Buddhism Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an of Shaolin The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple is a Chán Buddhist temple at Song Shan near Zhengzhou City Henan Province in Dengfeng, China. It is led by abbot Venerable abbot Shi Yǒngxìn. Founded in the 5th century, the monastery is long famous for its association with Chinese martial arts and particularly with Shaolin Kung Fu, and it is the Mahayana—and the Manchu The Manchu people are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today's northeastern China). During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels (such as general Wu Sangui), they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which established a Qing Dynasty The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China to which Huang Zongxi was opposed—was an act of political defiance rather than one of technical classification.[2]
In 1676 Huang Zongxi's son, Huang Baijia, who learned martial arts from Wang Zhengnan, compiled the earliest extant manual of internal martial arts, the Nèijiā quánfǎ.[3]
Republic of China
Beginning in 1914, Sun Lutang Sun Lu-t'ang (1860-1933) was a renowned master of Chinese Neijia (internal) martial arts and was the progenitor of the syncretic art of Sun style Tai Chi Chuan (孫家). He was also considered an accomplished Neo-Confucian and Taoist scholar (especially in the I Ching), and was a distinguished contributor to the theory of internal martial arts together with Yang Shao-hou Yang Shaohou simplified Chinese: 杨少侯; traditional Chinese: 楊少侯; pinyin: Yáng Shǎohóu) along with Yang Chengfu 楊澄甫 (1883-1936) represent the third generation of Yang family Taijiquan 楊氏太極拳, Yang Ch'eng-fu and Wu Chien-ch'üan taught T'ai Chi to the public at the Beijing Beijing , also known as Peking (pronounced /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is a metropolis in northern China, and the capital of the People's Republic of China. Governed as a municipality under direct administration of the central government, Beijing borders Hebei Province to the north, west, south, and for a small section in the east, and Physical Education Research Institute. Sun taught there until 1928, a seminal period in the development of modern Yang Yang family style tai chi chuan in its many variations is the most popular and widely practised style in the world today and the second in terms of seniority among the primary five family styles of tai chi chuan, Wu The Wu family style t'ai chi ch'uan (taijiquan) of Wu Ch'uan-yu (Wu Quanyuo) and Wu Chien-ch'üan (Wu Jianquan) is the second most popular form of t'ai chi ch'uan in the world today, after the Yang style, and fourth in terms of family seniority. This style is different from the Wu style of t'ai chi ch'uan (武氏) founded by Wu Yu-hsiang. While and Sun style T'ai Chi Ch'uan Besides his earlier xingyi and bagua training, Sun's experiences with Hao Weizhen, Yang Shaohou, Yang Chengfu and Wu Jianquan influenced the development of what is today recognized as the Sun style of tai chi chuan. Sun's son Sun Cunzhou and daughter, Sun Jianyun (孫劍雲, 1914-2003) were tai chi chuan teachers, as well as Sun Cunzhou's daughter.[4] Sun Lutang from 1915 also began publishing martial arts texts.
In 1928, Kuomintang The Kuomintang of China (KMT); (Hanyu Pinyin: Guómíndǎng, GMD), translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party or Chinese National People's Party, is a political party of the Republic of China (Taiwan, ROC). It can be seen romanized as Guomindang (according to the Pinyin transcription system) in some contexts. It is the founding and the ruling generals Li Jing Lin, Zhang Zi Jiang, and Fung Zu Ziang organized a national martial arts tournament in China; they did so to screen the best martial artists in order to begin building the Central Martial Arts Academy (Zhongyang Guoshuguan). The generals separated the participants of the tournament into Shaolin and Wudang. Wudang participants were recognized as having "internal" skills. These participants were generally practitioners of T'ai Chi Ch'uan, Xíngyìquán and Bāguàzhǎng. All other participants competed under the classification of Shaolin. One of the winners in the "internal" category was Bāguàzhǎng master Fu Chen Sung Fu Chen Sung (1881-1953) (Pinyin: Fu Zhen Song), or Fu Qiankun 傅乾) was a master of the internal martial arts from Henan. He was a third-generation baguazhang teacher who founded an important style of that art. He was also a soldier and a supporter of Sun Yat-sen.
Sun Lutang
Sun Lutang identified the following as the criteria that distinguish an internal martial art:
- An emphasis on the use of the mind to coordinate the leverage of the relaxed body as opposed to the use of strength.
- The internal development, circulation, and expression of qì, the "vital energy" of classical Chinese philosophy.
- The application of Taoist Taoism refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia for more than two millennia, and have had a notable influence on the western world particularly since the 19th century. The word 道, Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme), roughly translates as, "path" or "way& dǎoyǐn, qìgōng, and nèigōng Neigong, also spelled Nei Kung, neigung, or nae gong, is any of a set of Chinese breathing, meditation and spiritual practice disciplines associated with Daoism and especially the Chinese martial arts. Neigong practice is normally associated with the so called "soft style", "internal" or nèijiā 內家 Chinese martial arts, as (內功) principles of external movement.
Sun Lutang's eponymous style of T'ai Chi Ch'uan fuses principles from all three arts he named as neijia.[5] Some Chinese martial arts other than the ones Sun named also teach what are termed internal practices, despite being generally classified as external (e.g. Wing Chun Wing Chun , also romanized as Ving Tsun or "Wing Tsun" (and sometimes substituted with the characters 永春 "eternal springtime") is a concept-based Chinese martial art and form of self-defense utilizing both striking and grappling while specializing in close-range combat). Some non-Chinese martial arts also claim to be internal. e.g. Aikido Aikido is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs. Aikido is often translated as "the Way of unifying (with) life energy" or as "the Way of harmonious spirit." Ueshiba's goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to defend, I Liq Chuan I Liq Chuan : I Liq Chuan is a relatively new Chinese Martial Art founded by its current Grand Master, Chin Lik Keong of Malaysia. As a system of Neijia Gung Fu, I-Liq Chuan emphasizes the development of internal power through mental attitude and awareness. His son Master Sam F.S. Chin structured and organized the system introduced it first to the, Ip Sun, and Kito Ryu Kitō-ryū is a traditional school (koryū) of the Japanese martial art of jujutsu. Its syllabus comprises atemi-waza (striking techniques), nage-waza (throwing techniques), kansetsu-waza (joint locking techniques) and shime-waza (choking techniques). Many of these techniques are performed while in full armor jujutsu Jujutsu listen (help·info), (also known as Ju-Jitsu, Jiu-Jitsu, or Jiujitsu), is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles including unarmed and armed techniques.[citation needed] "Ju" can be translated to mean "gentle, supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding." "Jitsu" can be translated to mean "art". Many martial artists, especially outside of China, disregard the distinction entirely. Some neijia schools refer to their arts as "soft style Martial arts techniques can be effected in a 'hard' or a 'soft' manner. This applies to both unarmed combat and to the use of martial arts weapons" martial arts.
Neijia training
Tao yin Tao Yin is a series of breathing exercises practiced by Taoists to cultivate ch'i or internal energy of the body based upon the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The practice of Tao Yin was a precursor of qigong,, and was practised in Chinese Taoist monasteries for health and spiritual cultivation. Tao Yin is also said to be a primaryInternal styles focus on awareness of the spirit, mind, qi In traditional Chinese culture, qi is an active principle forming part of any living thing ("energy") and the use of relaxed (sōng 鬆) leverage rather than muscular tension.[6] Pushing hands Pushing hands is said to be the gateway for students to understand experientially the martial aspects of the Internal martial arts ; leverage, reflex, sensitivity, timing, coordination and positioning. Pushing hands works to undo a person's natural instinct to resist force with force, teaching the body to yield to force and redirect it. Health is a training method commonly used in neijia arts to develop sensitivity and softness.
Much time may nevertheless be spent on basic physical training, such as stance training (zhan zhuang Zhan zhuang is a method of training in many Chinese martial arts in which static postures are used for physical training, to develop efficiency of movement, perfection of structural alignment; and hence maximal strength, for martial applications. It is most often practiced among the internal Chinese styles such as tai chi chuan), stretching and strengthening of muscles, as well as on empty hand and weapon forms which can be quite demanding.
Some forms in internal styles are performed slowly, although some include sudden outbursts of explosive movements (fa jin Fa jin, fajin, or fa chin is a term used in some Chinese martial arts, particularly the neijia (internal) martial arts, such as Xingyiquan, T'ai Chi Chuan, Baguazhang and Bak Mei), such as those the Chen style of Taijiquan The Chen family style is the oldest and parent form of the five main tai chi chuan styles. It is third in terms of worldwide popularity compared to the other main taijiquan styles. Chen style is characterized by its lower stances, more explicit Silk reeling (chan si jin) and bursts of power (fa jin) is famous for teaching earlier than some other styles (e.g. Yang Yang family style tai chi chuan in its many variations is the most popular and widely practised style in the world today and the second in terms of seniority among the primary five family styles of tai chi chuan and Wu The Wu family style t'ai chi ch'uan (taijiquan) of Wu Ch'uan-yu (Wu Quanyuo) and Wu Chien-ch'üan (Wu Jianquan) is the second most popular form of t'ai chi ch'uan in the world today, after the Yang style, and fourth in terms of family seniority. This style is different from the Wu style of t'ai chi ch'uan (武氏) founded by Wu Yu-hsiang. While). The reason for the generally slow pace is to improve coordination and balance by increasing the work load, and to require the student to pay minute attention to their whole body and its weight as they perform a technique. At an advanced level, and in actual fighting, internal styles are performed quickly, but the goal is to learn to involve the entire body in every motion, to stay relaxed, with deep, controlled breathing, and to coordinate the motions of the body and the breathing accurately according to the dictates of the forms while maintaining perfect balance.
Characteristics
The reason for the label "internal," according to most schools, is that there is a focus on the internal aspects earlier in the training, once these internal relationships are apprehended (the theory goes) they are then applied to the external applications of the styles in question.
External style (外家, pinyin Pinyin , or more formally Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音 / 漢語拼音), is currently the most commonly used romanization system for Standard Mandarin (标准普通话 / 標準普通話). Hànyǔ (汉语 / 漢語) means the Chinese language, and pīnyīn (拼音) means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or ": wàijiā; literally "external family") are characterized by fast and explosive movements and a focus on physical strength and agility. External styles include both the traditional styles focusing on application and fighting, as well as the modern styles adapted for competition and exercise. Examples of external styles are Shaolinquan Shaolin Kung Fu refers to a collection of Chinese martial arts that claim affiliation with the Shaolin Monastery. Of the tens of thousands of kung fu and wushu styles, several hundred might have some relationship to Shaolin; however, aside from a few very well known systems, such as Xiao Hong Quan, the Da Hong Quan, Yin Shou Gun, Damo Sword, etc.,[, with its direct explosive attacks and many Wushu Chinese martial arts, sometimes referred to by the Mandarin Chinese term wushu and popularly as kung fu (Chinese: 功夫 pinyin: gōngfu), are a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in what is today the country of China.These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families& forms that have spectacular aerial techniques. External styles begin with a training focus on muscular power, speed and application, and generally integrate their qigong Qigong is the Mandarin Chinese term used to describe various Chinese systems of physical and mental training for health, martial arts and self-enlightenment aspects in advanced training, after their desired "hard" physical level has been reached.
Some say that there is no differentiation between the so-called internal and external systems of the Chinese martial arts[7][8], while other well known teachers have expressed differing opinions. For example, the Taijiquan teacher Wu Jianquan:
Those who practice Shaolinquan leap about with strength and force; people not proficient at this kind of training soon lose their breath and are exhausted. Taijiquan is unlike this. Strive for quiescence of body, mind and intention.[6]
Current practice
Further information: Tai chi chuanToday, only a few traditional schools[who?] teach internal styles train martially, that is for either self-defense or competition.
Most internal schools teach forms that are practised for health benefits only. Thus, Tai chi chuan in spite of its roots in martial arts has become similar in scope to Qigong, the purely meditative practice based on notions of circulation of qi. With purely a health emphasis, Tai chi classes have become popular in hospitals, clinics, community and senior centers in the last twenty years or so, as baby boomers age and the art's reputation as a low stress training for seniors became better known.[9][10]
Traditionalists[who?] feel that a school not teaching martial aspects somewhere in their syllabus cannot be said to be actually teaching the art itself, that they have accredited themselves prematurely. Traditional teachers also believe that understanding the core theoretical principles of neijia and the ability to apply them are a necessary gateway to health benefits.[11]
Neijia in fiction
Main article: Dim MakInternal styles have been associated in legend and in much popular fiction with the Taoist monasteries of Wudangshan in central China.[12]
Neijia are a common theme in Chinese Wuxia novels and films, and are usually represented as originating in Wudang or similar mythologies. Often, genuine internal practices are highly exaggerated to the point of making them seem miraculous, as in Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon or Tai Chi Master. Internal concepts have also been a source of comedy, such as in the films Shaolin Soccer and Kung Fu Hustle. In the popular anime title: Naruto; there are two characters named "Neji Hyuga & Hinata Hyuga" who practice the "gentle fist" or "Gental Palm" techniques and use the Baguan 8 Trigrams for their techniques; Neji most likely got his name in this fashion
|
138px x 100px | 7.10kB
[source page]
Name Danny Witte Age 14 Class Shaolin Kung Fu Rank Yellow Belt What have I gained at the Wujido Institute
admin
Mon, 21 Jun 2010 10:52:45 GM
Astrology, Psychology, and the Four Elements: An Energy Approach to Astrology & Its Use in the Counseling Arts (Paperback) No description for this product could be found, but have... The Power of . Internal Martial Arts. and Chi: Combat ...
